Results We observed peak birth weight in the post-aman harvest season, especially among infants born in March (mean&nbsp;±&nbsp;SD 2930.5&nbsp;±&nbsp;462.1&nbsp;g), and the lowest birth weight in the month of July (2830.6&nbsp;±&nbsp;385.4&nbsp;g) during the monsoon season. Regression analysis showed that exposure to the post-aman harvest season during the third trimester, and the post-aus harvest period during the second trimester of pregnancy had significant positive effects on birth weight. In the final adjusted model, each week of exposure to the post-aman harvest season during the third trimester was associated with a 6.3-g (95% CI 1.6, 10.9 g; P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.008) increase in birth weight. Conclusions Infants born to women who were exposed to the post-aman harvest season for the entire third trimester (14 wk) were associated with 88.2-g higher weight at birth. Further investigations into the complex interplay between seasonal energy stress, maternal, and fetal nutrition and measures to alleviate it are warranted. Copyright © The Author(s) 2020.The purpose of this research was to compare the global reference diet from the EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems (EAT-Lancet) with the healthy eating patterns from the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). Conversion factors were developed to quantitatively compare the patterns. These factors are provided to enable investigators to incorporate the EAT-Lancet diet into analyses while maintaining relevance to US-based dietary guidance. Our findings show several areas of agreement between EAT-Lancet and the DGA but key differences in the amounts of whole grains, fruit, starchy vegetables, red meat, nuts and seeds, and discretionary calories. Many of the differences between the patterns reflect divergent approaches to developing dietary recommendations, not only methodologically but also regarding whether current food consumption patterns are considered as constraints on recommendations. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to advance dietary guidance that promotes sustainable nutrition. Copyright © The Author(s) 2020.Background The relative distribution of upper- versus lower-body fat may be an important determinant of cardiometabolic disease risk in youths. Dietary components associated with adolescent regional body fat distribution require further investigation. Objective To evaluate associations of added sugar intake overall and from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with relative upper-body fat deposition in US adolescents. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 6585 adolescents (aged 12-19 y) in the NHANES cycles 1999-2006. Trunk, leg, and total fat mass were assessed by DXA. Participants were grouped into categories of total and SSB added sugar intake as a percentage of total energy intake (TEI) in 5% increments. Stepwise multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of added sugar intake with truncal-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) and truncal-to-total fat ratio (TTR). Results There were no associations of total added sugar intake with TLR or TTR. For SSB added sugar, compared with the lowest category of intake (22% TEI versus less then 2% TEI 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)] and TTR [1.30 (0.53, 2.07)] in the partially adjusted model with sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, physical activity, and smoking status as covariates (P-trend&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.0001 for both). When BMI z-score and TEI were added as covariates, the magnitude of the associations were attenuated, but remained significant [log-TLR β (95% CI) 0.03 (0.005, 0.06), P-trend&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.0018; TTR β (95% CI) 0.75 (0.27, 1.23), P-trend&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.0004]. Conclusions These findings support that added sugar from beverages is associated with higher upper-body adiposity, though the magnitude and clinical significance of the associations may be small, especially when adjusted for BMI and TEI. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms to explain these findings. Copyright © The Author(s) 2019.Background Bovine milk-based fortifiers (BMBF) have been standard of care for nutrient fortification of feeds for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, however, there is increasing use of human milk-based fortifiers (HMBF) in neonatal care despite additional costs and limited supporting data. No randomized clinical trial has followed infants fed these fortifiers after initial hospitalization. Objective To compare neurodevelopment in infants born weighing less then 1250 g fed maternal milk with supplemental donor milk and either a HMBF or BMBF. Methods This is a follow-up of a completed pragmatic, triple-blind, parallel group randomized clinical trial conducted in Southern Ontario between August 2014 and March 2016 (NCT02137473) with feeding tolerance as the primary outcome. Infants weighing less then 1250 g at birth were block randomized by an online third-party service to receive either HMBF (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;64) or BMBF (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;63) added to maternal milk with supplemental donor milk during hospitalization. Neurodevelopmen less then 1250 g otherwise fed a human milk diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02137473. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyclopamine.html Copyright © The Author(s) 2019.Background Postruminal supply of Met during the periparturient period enhances production efficiency (feed conversion to milk) in dairy cows partly through alleviation of oxidant and inflammatory status. Whether alterations in hepatic 1-carbon metabolism (major contributor of antioxidants) and/or energy metabolism contribute to these beneficial effects is unknown. Objectives To investigate alterations in hepatic 1-carbon and energy metabolism and associations with plasma amino acids (AAs) and production efficiency in response to enhanced postruminal supply of Met. Methods Holstein cows (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;30 per group) were fed during the last 28 d of pregnancy a control diet (CON) or the control plus ethylcellulose rumen-protected Met (MET; 0.9 g/kg of dry matter intake). Plasma (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;15 per group) and liver tissue (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;10 per group) were collected throughout the periparturient period to evaluate AA profiles, activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and 1-carbon metabolism via mRNA abundance, enzyme activity, and targeted metabolomics.